‘Transformation’ and Tourism Small Firm Development in South Africa:  Evidence from Eastern Cape Province

Zinzi Sixaba; Christian Myles Rogerson

doi:10.58683/sp.378

Data publikacji : 2023-03-23

Tom 41 Nr 1 (2023)

„Transformacja” i rozwój małych firm turystycznych w RPA na przykładzie prowincji Eastern Cape

Zinzi Sixaba

Christian Myles Rogerson

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1306-8867

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58683/sp.378

Abstrakt

Od czasu przemian demokratycznych Republika Południowej Afryki realizuje szereg programów, których celem jest wzmocnienie pozycji grup i jednostek, mających w okresie apartheidu ograniczone prawa i możliwości. W sektorze turystycznym rządowe inicjatywy na rzecz „transformacji” obejmują zobowiązanie do wspierania możliwości działania średnich, małych i mikroprzedsiębiorstw należących do osób czarnoskórych. Autorzy analizują wyzwania związane z transformacją,
zwracając uwagę na ograniczenia, z jakimi borykają się przedsiębiorstwa turystyczne należące do osób czarnoskórych w prowincji Eastern Cape w RPA. Badanie wpisuje się w nurt literatury międzynarodowej dotyczącej małych firm w turystyce, a konkretnie wyzwań stojących przed małymi przedsiębiorcami turystycznymi w krajach globalnego Południa. Analiza opiera się na danych z badania 79 obiektów noclegowych należących do osób czarnoskórych oraz na informacjach uzyskanych
podczas częściowo ustrukturyzowanych wywiadów z przedsiębiorcami turystycznymi. Wyniki ujawniają szereg trudności. Działając w środowisku o ograniczonych zasobach, przedsiębiorcy mają problemy m.in. z uzyskaniem środków finansowych, odpowiednich pracowników oraz wiedzy. Te same czynniki ograniczają rozwój małych firm turystycznych zarówno w krajach globalnej Północy, jak i na Południu. Inne ograniczenia wynikają ze specyfiki doświadczeń RPA. Tamtejsi przedsiębiorcy turystyczni muszą się mierzyć z historycznym dziedzictwem apartheidu oraz praktykami korupcyjnymi,
które są szeroko rozpowszechnione w lokalnej gospodarce turystycznej i które należy uznać za przeszkody w postępie transformacji.

Słowa kluczowe:

małe firmy turystyczne, transformacja, RPA, wzmocnienie ekonomicznej pozycji osób czarnoskórych

Inne teksty tego samego autora

Zinzi Sixaba, Christian Myles Rogerson, Turystyka wiejska w RPA w czasach apartheidu na przykładzie bantustanu Transkei , Studia Periegetica: Tom 41 Nr 1 (2023): Problemy turystyki i hotelarstwa w Afryce tom 1

Szczegóły

Bibliografia

Statystyki

Autorzy

Pobierz pliki

manuscript (English)

Zasady cytowania

Sixaba, Z., & Rogerson, C. M. (2023). „Transformacja” i rozwój małych firm turystycznych w RPA na przykładzie prowincji Eastern Cape. Studia Periegetica, 41(1), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.58683/sp.378

Wskaźniki altmetryczne

Cited by / Share

Licencja

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.

Bibliografia

Abdul, A. Y., Awang, K.W. & Zaiton, S. (2012). Challenges faced by micro, small, and medium lodgings in Kelantan, Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Management, 6 (1), 167-190.

Abrahams, D. (2019). Transformation of the tourism sector in South Africa: A possible growth stimulant? GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 26 (3), 821-830. doi: 10.30892/gtg.26312-400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.26312-400

Akama, J.S. & Kieti, D. (2007). Tourism and socio-economic development in developing countries: A case study of Mombasa resort in Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15 (6), 735-748. https://doi.org/10.2167/jost543.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2167/jost543.0

Alola, U.V., Alola, A.A., Avci, T. & Ozturen, A. (2021). Impact of corruption and insurgency on tourism performance: A case of a developing country. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 22 (4), 412-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2019.1650686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2019.1650686

Andzenge, O.J. (2021). Corruption and sustainable tourism development in Nigeria: An interrogative discourse. International Journal of Academic Multidisciplinary Research, 5 (11), 118-123.

Ateljevic, I. (2020). Transforming the (tourism) world for good and (re) generating the potential ‘new normal’. Tourism Geographies, 22 (3), 467-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1759134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1759134

Ateljevic, J. & Doorne, S. (2004). Diseconomies of scale: A study of development constraints in small tourism firms in central New Zealand. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5, 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.604002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.6040002

Ateljevic, J. & Doorne, S. (2007). Small is (still) beautiful: A synthesis of research on small tourism firms. World Journal of Tourism Small Business Management, 1 (1), 12-27.

Booyens, I., Rogerson, C.M., Rogerson, J.M. & Baum, T. (2022). COVID-19 crisis management responses of small tourism firms in South Africa. Tourism Review International, 26 (1), 121-137. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427221X16245632411872 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/154427221X16245632411872

Brouder, P. (2020). Reset redux: Possible evolutionary pathways towards the transformation of tourism in a COVID-19 world. Tourism Geographies, 22 (3), 484-490. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1760928 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1760928

Buhalis, D. (2022). Tourism management and marketing in transformation: Preface. In D. Buhalis (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Tourism Management and Marketing. Edward Elgar. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800377486.tourism.management.marketing

Campbell, J.M. & Kubickova, M. (2020). Agritourism microbusinesses within a developing country economy: A resource-based view. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management. 17, 100460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100460

Cheer, J. (2020). Human flourishing, tourism transformation, and COVID-19: A conceptual touchstone. Tourism Geographies, 22 (3), 514-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1765016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1765016

Dahles, H., (2000). Tourism, small enterprises and community development. In G. Richards & D. Hall (Eds.), Tourism and sustainable community development, (pp. 154-169). Routledge.

Dahles, H. & Bras, K. (Eds.) (1999). Tourism and small entrepreneurs: Development, national policy and entrepreneurial culture – Indonesian cases. Cognizant Communication.

Dahles, H. & Keune, L. (Eds.) (2002). Tourism development and local participation in Latin America. Cognizant Communication.

Dayour, F., Adongo, C. & Kimbu, A. (2020). Insurance uptake among small and medium-sized tourism and hospitality enterprises in a resource-scarce environment. Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 10064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100674

Department of Tourism (2018a). National Tourism Sector Strategy 2016-2026. Department of Tourism.

Department of Tourism (2018b). Baseline study on the state of transformation in the tourism sector. Department of Tourism.

Dias, Á. (2021). Tourism entrepreneurship: An analysis of the competitiveness factors. PhD thesis, University of Seville, Spain.

Durst, S., Dinler, E. & Ulvenblad, P. (2022). Crisis leadership: What do we know by now?. In M. Valeri (Ed.), Tourism Risk, (pp. 21-38). Emerald. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-708-520221003

Fu, H., Okumus, F., Wu, K. & Köseoglu, M.A. (2019). The entrepreneurship research in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78 (April), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.10.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.10.005

Gartner, W.C. (2004). Factors affecting small firms in tourism: A Ghanaian perspective. In R. Thomas (Ed.), Small firms in tourism: International perspectives, (pp.35-51). Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044132-0.50006-X

Getz, D. & Carlsen, J. (2005). Family business in tourism: State of the art. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (1), 237-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.006

Giddy, J.K., Idahosa, L.O. & Rogerson, C.M. (2020). Leveraging state-owned nature-based assets for transformation and SMME development: Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa. In J.M. Rogerson & G. Visser (Eds.), New directions in South African tourism geographies, (pp. 299-316). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29377-2_17

Giddy, J.K., Rogerson, C.M., & Rogerson, J.M. (2022). Rural tourism firms in the COVID-19 environment: South African challenges. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 41 (2), 343-353. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg41202-836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.41202-836

Hampton, M.P. (2003). Entry points for local tourism in developing countries: Evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Geografiska Annaler, 85B, 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0467.00133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0467.00133

Higgins-Desbiolles, F. & Bigby, B.C. (2022). The local turn in tourism: Empowering communities. Channel View. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845418809

Işik, C., Küçükaltan, E.G., Çelebi, S.K., Çalkin, O., Enser, I. & Çelik, A. (2019). Tourism and entrepreneurship: A literature review. Journal of Ekonomi, 1, 1-27.

Kc, B., Lapan, C., Ferreira, B. & Morais, D.B. (2021). Tourism microentrepreneurship: State of the art and research agenda. Tourism Review International, 25, 279-292. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427221X16245632411953 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/154427221X16245632411953

Kimbu, A.N. & Ngoasong, M.Z. (2016). Women as vectors of social entrepreneurship. Annals of Tourism Research, 60, 63-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.06.002

Kirsten, M. & Rogerson, C.M. (2002). Tourism, business linkages and small enterprise development in South Africa, Development Southern Africa, 19, 29-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/03768350220123882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03768350220123882

Lew, A.A., Cheer, J., Haywood, M., Brouder, P., & Salazar, N.B. (2020). Visions of travel and tourism after the global COVID-19 transformation of 2020. Tourism Geographies, 22 (3), 455-466. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1770326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1770326

Łobejko, H. (2022). How small and medium-sized family enterprises in the tourism sector develop inter-organisational relationships: A case study. Studia Periegetica, 38 (2), 81-102. DOI:10.5604/01.3001.0015.9824 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9824

Madzikanda, B., Li, C., & Dabuo, F.T. (2022). Barriers to development of entrepreneurial ecosystems and economic performance in Southern Africa. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 14 (4), 936-946. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2021.1918316 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2021.1918316

Mantey, I. (2021). Small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) in the development of tourism in the Global South: Their role and challenges. Masters (Human Geography) Dissertation, Mid-Sweden University, Östersund.

Mdluli, L.S. (2020). An investigation of support services available for Black female owners of bed & breakfasts in Makhanda. Masters thesis (Business Administration), Rhodes Business School, Makhanda, South Africa.

Mensah-Ansah, J. (2011). Small tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana: A barrier to strategic tourism development? PhD dissertation, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.

Ngoasong, M. Z. & Kimbu, A. N. (2019). Why hurry?: The slow process of high growth in women-owned businesses in a resource-scarce context. Journal of Small Business Management, 50 (1), 40-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12493

Njinyah, S.Z. & Pendati, M. (2021). Awareness and usage of government policies by women tourism entrepreneurs in Cameroon. In M.Z. Ngoasong, O. Adeola, A.N. Kimbu & R.E. Hinson (Eds.), New frontiers in hospitality and tourism management in Africa, (pp. 173-191). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70171-0_11

Nomnga, V.J. (2021). Empowering rural women in the hospitality industry through small, medium and micro enterprises. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 15 (8), 1056-1067.

Nordbø, I. (2009). Living with tourism: The case of small-scale tourism businesses in Norway and Chile. Aalborg University SPIRIT PhD Series No. 22

Osinubi, T.T., Osinubi, O.B., Tabash, M.I., Ajayi, A.O. & Tran, D.K. (2022). The impact of corruption on tourism sector in Nigeria International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 23 (6), 1125-1144. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2021.1905583 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2021.1905583

Page, S. & Getz, D. (1997). The business of rural tourism: International perspectives. In S.J. Page & D. Getz (Eds.), The business of rural tourism, (pp. 3-37). International Thomson Press.

Page, S.J, Forer, P. & Lawton, G.R. (1999). Small business development and tourism: Terra Incognita? Tourism Management, 20, 435-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00024-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00024-2

Ponte, S., Roberts, S. & van Sittert, L. (2007). ‘Black economic empowerment’, business and the state in South Africa. Development and Change, 38 (5), 933-955. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00440.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00440.x

Quesada, L.L. & Boekstein, M. (2021). Reflecting on the effects of disruptive innovation in South Africa’s accommodation subsector: A focus on emerging Black-owned business. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10 (6), 1959-1972. https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.203

Rogerson, C.M. (2004). Tourism, small firm development and empowerment in post-apartheid South Africa. In R. Thomas (Ed.), Small firms in tourism: International Perspectives. (pp. 13-33). Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044132-0.50005-8

Rogerson, C.M. (2008). Shared growth and tourism small firm development in South Africa. Tourism Recreation Research, 33(3), 333-338. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2008.11081556 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2008.11081556

Rogerson, C.M. (2020a). In search of inclusive tourism in South Africa: Some lessons from the international experience. In J.M. Rogerson & G. Visser (Eds.), New directions in South African tourism geographies, (pp. 147-166). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29377-2_9

Rogerson, C.M. (2020b). Sustainable tourism research in South Africa: In search of a place for work and the workplace. In T. Baum & A. Ndiuni (Eds.), Sustainable human resource management in tourism: African perspectives, (pp. 45-59). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41735-2_4

Rogerson, C.M. & Baum, T. (2020). COVID-19 and African tourism research agendas. Development Southern Africa, 37 (5), 727-741. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2020.1818551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2020.1818551

Rogerson, C.M. & Rogerson, J.M. (2019). Tourism, local economic development and inclusion: Evidence from Overstrand Local Municipality, South Africa. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 25 (2), 293-308. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg25202-360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.25202-360

Rogerson, C.M. & Rogerson, J.M. (2020). COVID-19 tourism impacts in South Africa: government and industry responses. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 31 (3), 1083-1091. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg31321-544 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.31321-544

Rogerson, C.M. & Rogerson, J.M. (2021a). COVID-19 and changing tourism demand: Research review and policy implications for South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10 (1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.83 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-83

Rogerson, C.M. & Rogerson, J.M. (2021b).The evolution of rural tourism in South Africa: An historical lens. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10 (6), 1728-1740. https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-189 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.189

Rogerson, C.M. & Saarinen, J. (2018). Tourism for poverty alleviation: Issues and debates in the Global South. In C. Cooper, S. Volo, B. Gartner & N. Scott (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Tourism Management: Applications of Theories and Concepts to Tourism, (pp. 22-37). SAGE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526461490.n4

Rogerson, C.M. & Sixaba, Z. (2021). Transformation in South African tourism: A geographical perspective on the Eastern Cape. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10 (6), 1610-1629. https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46222/AJHTL.19770720.182

Rogerson, C.M., & Sixaba, Z. (2022). The limits of rural tourism in COVID-19 South Africa: Perceptions from ‘left behind’ rural spaces. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 11 (1), 362-378. https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.000

Rogerson, J.M. & Visser, G. (2020). Recent trends in South African tourism geographies. In J.M. Rogerson & G. Visser (Eds.), New directions in South African tourism geographies, (pp. 1-14). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29377-2_1

Rosalina, P.D., Dupre, K., & Wang, Y. (2021). Rural tourism: A systematic literature review on definitions and challenges. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47, 134-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.03.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.03.001

Saarinen, J., & Rogerson, J.M. (Eds.) (2021). Tourism, change and the Global South. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003091325

Shaw, B.J. & Shaw, G. (1999). ‘Sun, sand and sales’: Enclave tourism and local entrepreneurship in Indonesia. Current Issues in Tourism, 2 (1), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683509908667844 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683509908667844

Shaw, G., & Williams, A. M. (2004). From lifestyle consumption to lifestyle production: Changing patterns of tourism entrepreneurship. In R. Thomas (Ed.), Small firms in tourism: International perspective, (pp. 99-113). Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044132-0.50010-1

Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 312-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015

Sixaba, Z. & Rogerson, C.M. (2019). Black economic empowerment and South African tourism: The early pioneers. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8 (4), 1-10.

Smith, J. (2017). Transforming travel: Realising the potential of sustainable tourism. CABI. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786394194.0000

Thomas, R., Shaw, G. & Page, S.J. (2011). Understanding small firms in tourism: A perspective on research trends and challenges. Tourism Management, 32 (5), 963-976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.003

Trip, D.T., Fagadar, C.F., Badulescu, D. & Badulescu, A. (2021). Entrepreneurship and tourism through the lens of sustainability. Charting the knowledge base through bibliometric analysis. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites. 34 (1), 140-146. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg34118-629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.34118-629

van der Watt, H. (2022). Better lives for all?: Prospects for empowerment through marine wildlife tourism in Gansbaai, South Africa. PhD dissertation (Development Studies), Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand.

Vilakazi, T. & Bosiu, T. (2021). Black Economic Empowerment, barriers to entry, and economic transformation in South Africa. In A. Andreoni, P. Mondilwa, S. Roberts & F. Tregenna (Eds.), Structural transformation in South Africa: The challenges of inclusive industrial development in a middle-income country, (pp. 189-212). Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894311.003.0009

Yachin, J.M. (2019). The entrepreneur–opportunity nexus: Discovering the forces that promote product innovations in rural micro-tourism firms. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19 (1), 47-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2017.1383936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2017.1383936

Yachin, J.M. (2020). Behind the scenes of rural tourism: A study of entrepreneurship in micro-firms. Ph.D. dissertation, Mid-Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.

Yachin, J.M. (2021). Alters & functions: Exploring the ego-networks of tourism micro-firms. Tourism Recreation Research, 46 (3), 319-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1808933 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1808933

Zinzi Sixaba

Afiliacja:

School of Tourism & Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, South Africa Republika Południowej Afryki

Biogram

PhD student, School of Tourism & Hospitality, College of Business & Economics, University of Johannesburg.

Christian Myles Rogerson

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1306-8867

Afiliacja:

School of Tourism & Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Republika Południowej Afryki