Every author should have substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND drafting the work or reviewing it critically for important intellectual content; AND final approval of the version to be published; AND agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
- are placed within the text and include the author’s surname and year of publication:
Jafari (2003) or: (Jafari, 2010)
- Direct quotes should also contain the page number:
Jafari (2003, p. 24) or: (Jafari, 2003, p. 24)
- In the case of two and three authors, all surnames should be listed with either „and” or „&” placed before the last one:
Smith and White (2018)… or: (Smith & White, 2018)
Beggs, Ross and Goodwin (2008)… or: (Beggs, Ross, & Goodwin, 2008)
- In the case of more than three authors – only the first author’s surname should be given, followed by „et al.”:
Jafari et al. (2018)… or: (Jafari et al., 2018)
- If the author / editor is unknown, the first few words of the reference should be used:
– if this is the title of a book, periodical or report, it should be italicised:
(Guide to citation, 2020)
– if this is the title of an article, chapter or a website, it should be placed in quotation marks:
(”APA Citation”, 2020)
- Citing multiple works:
– by the same author:
Jafari (2015, 2017, 2020) or (Jafari, 2015, 2017, 2020)
– by two or more authors, they should be listed alphabetically by the first author:
(Jafari & Black, 2010; White, Green, & Brown, 2020)
– if the author published multiple works in one year, each work should be cited with consecutive letters of the alphabet following the year, e.g.:
(Jafari, 2014a, 2014b)
- Other references containing any additional comments or explanations, references to legislation, court rulings and decisions, as well as links to websites that are provided outside the main body of the text must be numbered consecutively and placed at the bottom of the page (as footnotes) using 10 pt font with single line spacing
- Citing secondary sources (only in exceptional cases):
Jafari (2010) as cited in Black (2016) or (Jafari, 2010, as cited in Black, 2016)
6. Reference list
A reference list should be ordered alphabetically by first author’s / editor’s surname or by title, in the case of works whose author/editor is unknown, and in the case of authors with multiple works, they should be listed chronologically by year of publication.
Referencing a journal article
The basic format is: Author surname, Initial(s)., (Year), Article title (not italicised), Journal title (italicised), Volume (italicised) (issue or part number), page numbers, DOI:
Oppermann, M. J. (2000). Tourism Destination Loyalty. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 78-84. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004728750003900110
Referencing a book
The basic format is: Author/Editor surname, Initial(s)., (copyright year), Book title (italicised), edition number (in brackets). Publisher. DOI or URL:
Kotler, P., Bowen, J. T., Makens, J., & Baloglu, S. (2017). Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism (7th ed.). Pearson Education. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0047287507303976
Chapter in an edited book
The basic format is: Surname of the chapter’s author, initial(s)., Copyright year, Chapter title (not italicised), In, Editor initial(s)., Surname + (Ed.) or Editor initial(s)., surnames (separated by “&”) + (Eds.), Edited book title (italicised), edition number and page range (in brackets). Publisher. DOI or URL:
Scott, N. R., & Le, D. A. (2017). Tourism Experience: A Review. In N. R. Scott & J. Gao (Eds.), Visitor Experience Design (2nd ed., pp. 30-52). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1080/10645578.2016.1144023
Referencing an e-book
Mitchell, J. A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R. P. (2017). A guide to citation. https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager
Referencing a chapter in an e-book
Troy, B. N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S. T. Williams (Ed.). A guide to citation rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95). https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager
Referencing an entire website created by a corporation, institution or group
Use the following format: Corporation/group/organization name. (year website was last updated/published, month day if given). Title of website. URL:
WHO (2014, November 14). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/
Referencing a single web page
Use the following format: author surname, initial(s). (year, month day). Page title (italicised). Site name. URL:
Mitchell, J. A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R. P. (2017, January 25). APA citation. How and when to reference. https://www.howandwhentoreference.com/APAcitation